高中高二下册政治教学计划

作为老师的任务写教案课件是少不了的，每位老师都需要认真准备自己的教案课件。要知道写好教案课件，也能避免老师漏掉一些重点内容。一个好的教案课件应该是怎样的？小编现在向你推荐高中高二下册政治教学计划，建议你收藏本页和本站，以便后续阅读！

一、教学工作指导思想
在本学期的实际教学工作中继续贯彻新课程标准的理念，全面提高学生的整体素质，同时更是为小高考做好一切准备。针对学生的实际情况和小高考的情况，实现有效地教学，全面提高教学质量的教学工作目标。
二、主要的措施
1、立足新课程标准和考试大纲，明确课标和考试大纲的精神和要求
高二下学期政治教学计划通过认真地研究新课程标准和考试大纲的要求，准确把握它们的总目标和分类目标，明确新课程标准的目的要求和考试大纲的考试等级要求，为有效提高课堂的效能提供保障。
2、注重实干，认真做好日常的教学工作，提高课堂教学的效果
(1)认真研读教材，在处理教材的时候一定要处理好深度与广度，在合理处理的基础上，制定教学的计划。
(2)要能在教学的过程中适当灵活地运用自身的教学特长，以帮助学生更好地提高自身的政治学习兴趣，使学生能真正“亲其师信其道”
(3)注重导学案的编制，在编制的过程中要能体现教学的重难点，同时要能有一定试题的体现，试题要精选、精练。
(4)教学过程中不仅仅要教授学生书本的理论内容，更要注重加强学法和解题方法的指导，注重培养学生自己独立分析问题、解决问题的能力，使学生能真正的学以致用，让学生能够找到一套适合自己的科学的学习方法，以更好地提高自己的学习效果。
(5)对自己在备课过程中发现的问题以及教学过程中发现的不足，要能在课后进行积极地思考和反思，同时注重加强交流，以更好的改进教学，促进教学效果，提高学生的学习成绩。
(6)对于平时的单元练习卷和阶段性测试卷，要能根据教学目标要求及学生的实际情况，一部分筛选、改编自各类相关资料，一部分要能自己命题。讲解不必要全讲，集中对出错率较多的问题进行精讲。同时注重在课后加强抽查，能在每节课前利用5分钟左右的时间进行抽查。

fwR816.CoM阅读延伸

高二下册历史教学计划

为了更好的完成新学期的教育教学工作，使各项工作有目的、有计划、有组织的顺利的进行，根据高二文科班的实际情况特制订本学期教学工作计划如下：
第一、总体目标
1、侧重培养学生的综合能力
高考强调跨学科综合能力要求，体现了历史学科的本质特征。因此我在教学进程中，将有目的的将史、政、地知识有机地结合起来，培养学生综合运用各科知识分析和解决问题的能力，将现实问题与历史问题相结合，体现学以致用的教学风格。
2、建构历史知识体系，重创新思维能力的培养
高三历史教学应注重与历史发展的连续性和阶段性，我在教学中，将强化和突出历史的阶段特征，将具体历史事件放到这种特征中去考察分析，让学生自己去深化认识，受到教育、得出启示、发展他们的创新思维能力。
3、正确处理全面复习和重点复习的关系
我将采用三段式复习，即基础复习，专题复习和重点复习方法，同时把教学计划作调整，侧重点在后两段上，以增强能力训练的力度。
第二、学生基本情况
本届高二文科共有2个班，共计93人，学生基础相对较弱,学习习惯有待于进一步提高。
第三、主要教学措施
1、努力学习新的教学理念,更新教育思想,认真研究课标、教材、教法、学法,努力提高教学效度。
2、狠抓学风建设,管理好自己的课堂,加强方法指导,培养学生良好的学习习惯;以高三第一轮复习的要求来进行高二历史教学;真正做到常规教学落到实处。
3、关于考试:按照年级组的统一要求,认真组织好每一次阶段考试,做到精心命题,细心阅卷,认真讲评。
4、关于作业:要求学生按进度及时按质、按量完成好所订同步训练资料，;教师平时加强监督,按时、按要求批改好作业。
5、积极推进集体备课:，群策群力。
6、提倡多种教学手段的使用，激发学生的学习兴趣，使学生主动参与教学过程，从而掌握基础知识，养成能力，形成正确的情感、态度、价值观。
第四、教学内容
教材《世界近代现代史下册》、《中国古代史》。
第五、教学安排
1、假期补课期间完成《中国古代史》第一至第二章的教学。
2、下学期第1-4周完成文科完成选修I第三章至第四章教学任务。
3、第5-7周文科完成第五章前四节教学任务。

高中高二下册英语Body language教案格式

part I. Analysis of the teaching material

1)The position and role of this text

“ Body language ” is the third period of unit 21. It’s a reading comprehension text. This lesson is very important for the students to learn in that it is related to our thinking strategies and it uses both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.

2) Knowledge goal:

Understand the main idea of the text

3) ability goal: ①talk about body language

②improve the students’ ability of reading

4) Moral goal: Get aware of some gestures and facial expressions in different cultures.

5) Teaching aims

①to improve the students’ reading ability, such as skimming, scanning.

②to Understand the main idea of the text

③Get aware of some gestures and facial expressions in different cultures.

part II. Analysis of the teaching methods

Question-and-answer activity teaching method

Watch-and-listen activity

Free discussion method

pair work or inpidual work method

To reach my teaching aims, I’ll take advantage of some teaching aids, such as a tape recorder, multimedia, the blackboard

part III. Analysis of the learning approach

Interest is the best teacher. But with the heavy study burden and

impact of the traditional spoon-feeding teaching, sometimes the

students may lose the interest in learning and are not independent

enough. So how to motivate them, develop their interest and build up

their self-study ability are the first things I am considering about

partIV. The teaching process

Step 1 Warming up

Show a short film and a MTV show and ask the students the following questions:

T: How do the actors in the show express themselves?

S: By facial expressions and what they do.

T: What do we call that?

S: Body language.

T: What is body language?

S: Body language is the movements or positions of our body. We use them to show other people what we are thinking about and how we are feeling.

[设计说明] 让学生在课前欣赏两段表演，在活跃气氛，激发学生对身势语的兴趣的同时，通过回答演员们如何表现自己这一问题引出本课话题------body language.

Step 2 Brainstorming

Show some gestures and ask the students to guess what the gestures mean.

[设计说明] 展现几幅身势语图片以激发学生的学习兴趣和参与的热情，创造轻松的课堂氛围，最后用一幅图片调动学生的求知欲------同一身势语在不同文化背景下可能会有不同的含义。

Step 3 Reading 准备好四张卡片，让四位学生上台用身势语将卡片上内容表现出来。让其他学生作出选择，并解释选择的原因。通过这种方式一方面可以让学生学会用身势语表达自己。另一方面锻炼了口语。

Step 6 Dumb show

Think of some situations in your daily life in which you use body language and then try to act them out without any words. You can work in pairs or groups.

[设计说明] 学生以小组形式开展活动，讨论真实语境下的身势语的表达，通过这一话题，一方面激活了学生的思维，活跃了课堂气氛，另一方面也让学生学会了观察生活，从而学会生活;同时在表演结束后再让其他学生用英语描述表演者所表现的情景，培养观察身势语的能力，并在想象，猜测的过程中形成内心语言，最终用语言复述自己的思想。

Step 7 德育渗透

Do in Rome as Rome does [as the Romans do].

[谚]入国问禁, 入乡随俗。

Manners make the man.

礼貌造就人。

Good manners are the art of making those people easy with whom we converse. ---Jonathan Swift

礼貌周到是使同我们谈话的那些人感到自在的艺术。

——(英作家)斯威夫特

Step 7 Homework

1. Read the passage and try to recite it.

2. Finish Word study on page 60.

3. Try to know more about body language.

高中高二下册英语教案范文：Body language

课型设计与课时分配

1st period warming up(6.3-6.4)

2nd period Reading (I)(6.5)

3rd period Reading(II)(6.9)

4th period Language Study(6.10-6.11)

5th period Listening(6.12)

6th period Writing(6.13)

Ⅳ. 分课时教案

The First period warming up

Teaching goals 教学目标

1. Target Language目标语言

a. 重点词汇和短语

misunderstand, similar, facial, expression, agreement, yawn, chest, gesture, adult, punish

b. 重点句型或交际用语

Act out the following meanings, please.

please guess what I mean.

please show the actions, using body language.

Now it is your turn to show the action / gesture.

please use either spoken words or body language to express your ideas.

please use both spoken words and body language to express your ideas.

2. Ability goals能力目标

a. Enable the students to understand what a certain gesture of the body language means in a given situation.

b. Enable the students to act out some meanings, requirements, requests or situations given in the target language.

c. Enable the students to express with the target language the meanings given in body language.

3. Learning ability goals 学能目标

a. Help the students learn how to express themselves in body language when needed.

b. Help the students understand others when body language is being used.

Teaching important points教学重点

a. Teach the students how to understand body language used in different countries or cultures as well as in different occasions.

b. Teach the students how to use body language in the most appropriate occasions.

Teaching difficult points 教学难点

a. Enable the students to realize the importance of body language in communication so that little or no misunderstanding may occur.

b. Let the students know that there is both positive body language and negative body language.

Teaching methods教学方法

a. Inpidual work, pair work and group work.

b. Acting out by imitation, mime or with gestures and body movement.

Teaching aids教具准备

A computer, a projector and some pictures.

Teaching procedures be cheerful.

A V-shape of the fore-finger and middle finger May you succeed!

Or congratulations on your success!

A half-closed hand with thumb down I am not in favor of your idea or I’ll have to refuse you.

A wrinkling of the brow in thought or displeasure or a scowl She is worried.

Tears coming out of his eyes. He is very sad.

All smiles on her face She is very happy.

Waving their hands They are waving goodbye to people around.

A hand stretched out forward with strength He is stopping a tank.

people jump with their both hands stretched open in the air. They are cheering for the victory.

T: What are the actions of the above gestures? What do they mean?

S4: The first gesture is a handshake, which means “You’re welcome”.

S5: The second is a handclap, which means “Come on” or “Be cheerful” or something like that.

S6: The third one is a V-shaped posture of the first finger and the middle finger, which suggests a wish for the other or others to succeed.

S7: The fourth is a half-closed hand with the thumb down. It means the one who gives this gesture is against the other’s idea or simply refuses the request.

S8: The fifth is a worried look of a woman. She wrinkles her brows or frowns. It also seems that she scowls. It shows that she is worried or sad. In other words, she is unhappy.

S9: The sixth is a man shedding tears. Tears were running down his cheeks. He is very sad for losing his relatives or sad for his failure.

S10: The seventh is a smiling face. It is easy to see that she is very happy.

S11: The eighth is a gesture of waving hands. They are waving goodbye to people who are around to see them off.

S12: The ninth is a hand stretched out forward with great strength. The boy is trying to stop a tank from entering into his homeland.

S13: The tenth is hands stretched out upward. They are all very cheerful. They are wild with joy; maybe they have just won a game. So we can see that they are cheering for their victory.

T: You have all done a good job. So you see that there are many cases or situations in which body language can convey meanings as well as spoken or written languages. If you want to know more about it, let’s come to Unit 4 Body Language.

Step Ⅲ practice

T: Look at page 25.

What are these people communicating?

Step Ⅳ Time for Fun

T: Now let’s play a game in groups of four. One thinks of a situation and asks the others to show some actions using body language. When the one chooses the action that is most likely, it is his or her turn to think of some other situation for the others to show the actions so that the game may go on for a few rounds. Clear?

Ss: Yes. That’s funny!

T: Try to make the situations as interesting and enjoyable as you can. And show the situation as lively as possible. Besides, make sure that everyone has a turn.

Ss: All right.

S1: What are you likely to do if it rains?

(Actions) S2: reads a book;

S3: puts on a raincoat;

S4: cleans the house.

S1: Ok. I think S3 seems the most likely, so it is his turn.

S3: What are you likely to do if the river floods?

(Actions) S1: runs away as fast as he can;

S2: helps the younger or elder to escape as soon as possible;S4: climbs on to a tree.

S3: Ok. I think S2 seems the most likely, so it is her turn.

S2: What are you likely to do if the house catches fire?

(Actions) S1: fetches some water;

S3: tries to put it out with blooms;

S4: runs away as quickly as he can.

S2: Ok. I think S4 seems the most likely, so it is his turn.

S4: What are you likely to do if you meet with a fierce dog?

(Actions) S1: remains where he is and bends down, looking at the dog;

S3: tries to scare it away with small stones;

S4: runs away as quickly as possible.

S2: Ok. I think S1 seems the most likely, so we all have done a good job.

T: Yes. I couldn’t agree with you. Now, one more group.

Step V Role play (Speaking task on p67)

T: Now, there’s still a little time left. Let’s come to Speaking Task on page 67.

Homework

1. Team work: Discuss the importance of body language.

2. Go over the Reading:

1) Communication: No problem?

2) Showing our feeling.

T: I think you must have known something about these pictures. Yes, they are from a program of CCTV, the Evening party Celebrating the Spring Festival of 2005, the coming Lunar New Year of the Rooster. I think that was the best program. Do you remember the name of this program?

The second period Reading

The Second period Reading (I)

Teaching goals 教学目标

1. Target language目标语言

a. 词汇和短语

major, local, represent, curious, Columbia, introduce, approach, touch, cheek, stranger, spoken, express, action, Jordan, nod, general, avoid, comedy

b. 重点句子

Yesterday, another student and I , representing our university’s student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year’ international students.

…I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously.

She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.

2. Ability goals能力目标

a. Enable the students to realize the importance of body language.

What is the purpose of language?

What is the purpose of body language?

How can you tell if someone is sad even if they do not speak?

How can you communicate a feeling to someone who does not speak your language?

b. Enable the students to understand the text.

Where are the visitors from?

How do Mr. Garcia from Columbia and Julia Smith from Britain response when they are introduced to each other?

What do Mr. Cook and the Japanese visitor do as they are introduced?

How can people express themselves besides their spoken language?

Do all cultures greet each other the same way?

Do English people and other Europeans act the same when they first meet?

Is a handshake very common in Japan?

Is a kiss often used in France when people meet?

Why are there different kinds of body language?

c. Enable the students to retell the text in their own words.

3. Learning ability goals 学能目标

Help the students learn how to explain the common idea—“different cultures, different body languages” with the target language in this unit.

Teaching important points 教学重点

How does body language differ among people from different cultures?

Teaching difficult points 教学难点

The understanding of the poorly-written reading text, especially the relationship awkwardly built up between “you” and the other people in the text, who are met by the awkward arrangement of the compilers of the textbook.

Teaching methods 教学方法

Skimming method, task-based method, role-play method.

Teaching aids 教具准备

A recorder, a projector and a computer.

Teaching procedures I’m sure there are more than two! Now who’d like to give the answer to the third question?

S4: Let me try, Sir / Madam. I’ll try to use body language to tell the other what I need urgently. I’ll do it by miming, by any proper posture, or gestures, even by drawing pictures.

T: You are smart! Now who’d like to do the last one. It is more challenging, right?

S5: I’d like to have a try, sir. Last summer I went on a study tour in the States. When I was on the way to

Los Angeles on the flight of the United Airlines, we stopped at Tokyo / Narita Airport in Japan for 3 hours. So I went into the shop at the airport, for I wanted to buy a digital camera. Of course I knew no Japanese, so I spoke to her in Chinese first and then in English. It seemed that she was at a loss when I spoke to her. Then I decided to try it in body language. I just pointed to the camera that I like most-Sony Cyber-shot DSC-p100. The salesgirl spoke to me in Japanese this time but I couldn’t understand a word of it. So I shook my head and kept pointing at the camera. Finally I reached her understanding and she took out the camera I wanted to buy. I examined it for a little while and asked her the price of it by drawing a big “?” in the air with my forefinger. She took out her calculator and put in the price. The price was reasonable and I decided to take it. I paid for it and the salesgirl bowed to me again and again.

T: Wonderful! Thank you for telling us so interesting a true story and giving us so good an example of body language.

Step Ⅲ While-reading

1. Scanning

While reading, please try to pide the whole passage into several parts and find out the main idea.

part 1 para 1

You are sent to Capital International Airport to meet this year’s international students.

part 2 (para. 2 and 3 )

Examples of learned or cultural “body language”.

part 3. (para. 4 )

Different peoples have different body languages.

part 4. (para. 5)

Summary of body language.

Read the text carefully, then decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

Englishmen often stand close to others or touch strangers as soon as they meet.

Most people around the world now greet each other by kissing .

Japanese will bow to others as greeting.

people from Jordan will move very close to you as you introduce yourself to them.

Some body languages in some countries are good while some countries’ body language are bad.

Step IV post reading

1. Is the author of this passage male or female? How do you know ?

The author is male. Ahmed Aziz will not shake hands with women, but he shakes hands with the author.

2.What were the two mistakes that the author noticed?

He noticed that the Colombian man kissed the British woman, but in her culture, a kiss from a stranger is not acceptable. He also noticed that the Japanese man bowed just as the Canadian man started to shake hands, so one man’s nose touched the other man’s hand.

3. Who seemed to prefer to keep more physical distance from others? Who seemed to prefer closer physical distance ?

The British woman, Julia, and probably the Canadian man, George, seemed to prefer to keep more physical distance from others. The Colombian man, Tony, and the Jordanian man, Ahmed, seemed to prefer closer physical distance .

4. Did any students have similar greeting customs? If so, which ones?

Yes. Tony from Colombia and Darlene from France had a similar greeting custom-a kiss. George from Canada and Ahmed from Jordan also had a similar greeting custom-a handshake, but Ahmed shakes hands only with men.

5. “ When in Rome, do as the Romans do.” What do you think this famous saying means?

This saying means that when we are in a certain place, we should follow the customs of the people who live in that place, not our own customs.

6. Do you agree with the author’s statement that body language is not good or bad? Why or why not?

Students will give their own answers.

Step Ⅴ Homework

1. Get ready to retell the text in your own words.

高中高二下册历史促进民族大融合教案

一、教材分析

【课程标准】

北魏孝文帝改革的影响及评价。

【教学目标】

1、知识与能力

(1)识记：农业、手工业、商业的表现;尊儒崇经，兴办学校;恢复汉族礼仪制度;采纳汉族封建统治制度;汉族风俗习惯成为社会风俗习惯的主体;鲜卑族的文化精华融入汉族文化中;

(2)孝文帝改革后北魏社会在经济、政治、风俗习惯的变化及它们之间相互关系;认识经济的复苏和繁荣，政权封建化，民族的交流与融合这三个方面不是孤立的，而是相对联系的;

(3)探究孝文帝改革的最重要的历史意义在于促进了北方以鲜卑族为中心的民族大融合，消除了民族隔阂，为国家由分裂到统一奠定了基础。培养学生概括分析史实的能力和提高学生的论证和表达能力。

2、过程与方法：

(1)小组讨论：通过对北魏孝文帝历史作用的分析，培养学生对历史现象的辩证分析、比较能力，以及提高学生运用正确历史观评价历史任务的能力;

(2)查找有关孝文帝资料：认识孝文帝改革和民族融合推动了中华民族的发展和中华文明的进步，民族团结和民族统一是历史发展的潮流;

3、情感态度与价值观

(1)通过本节课的学习，使学生认识到改革是社会发展的动力之一，还应看到其锐意改革、不断创新的精神，与时俱进是一个国家、民族不断进步的灵魂;

(2)孝文帝改革在历影响深远，促进了民族大融合，进而认识到孝文帝是古代少数民族杰出的政治家、改革家。是中华民族的千古功臣;

(3)课堂讨论孝文帝改革和民族大融合推动了中华民族的发展和中华文明的进步;民族团结和民族统一是历史发展的潮流。

【教学重难点】

重点：孝文帝改革对政权封建化进程的作用。

难点：孝文帝改革对民族融合和国家统一的历史意义。

【教学建议】

本课教材从三个方面向学生介绍了孝文帝改革后的影响：经济的复苏和繁荣，政权封建化，民族的交流与融合。这三个方面不是孤立的而是相互联系的：孝文帝改革推行均田制、三长制及租调制，把农民与土地紧密结合起来，使鲜卑的牧民转化为农民，扩大和巩固了自耕农队伍，经济得到了恢复与发展，促进了民族融合。生产、生活方式的变化推动了鲜卑族统治者接受汉族先进文化与制度，如兴儒学、恢复汉族礼乐制度、定官制、修律令等，大大加速了政权封建化进程。孝文帝移风易俗的改革和经济、政治的变化又使鲜卑族等少数民族与汉族交往密切、交流频繁，风俗习惯逐渐趋同化，汉族的风俗习惯成为整个社会风俗习惯的主体，同时鲜卑族原有的文化精华也融入汉族文化之中。建议教师通过探究问题、分析图片和课堂讨论的形式让学生认识这三方面的相互关系，把握本课的中心和线索，进而高屋建瓴地认识到中华民族是多民族的统一体，民族融合是中华民族形成的重要过程，孝文帝改革是促进民族大融合的一项力措，使学生体会到孝文帝是一位杰出的少数民族政治家、改革家，加强了这堂课的思想性。

二、教学过程：

新课导入：

利用教材中的引言导入新课：

教师先出示山西大同云冈石窟和河南龙门石窟的两幅佛像图片。

师：通过这些图片，你从中获得哪些历史信息?

生1：北魏佛教文化的兴盛。

生2：北魏石窟艺术的发展。

生3：孝文帝改革前后佛像的迥异。……

师：这些作品的艺术风格有何不同?说明了什么问题?

生1：云冈石窟的佛像主要是北魏时期开凿的，这些雕像共同的特征是：面相丰满，目大眉长，鼻梁高隆，直通额际，口唇较薄，嘴角微微上翘，呈微笑之意，肩宽胸挺，躯肢浑厚健壮，神态温静具有伟丈夫的气概。体貌表现了少数民族的特征。

生2：龙门石窟的佛教造像面容清瘦，褒衣博带，性格爽朗，风神飘逸，从侧面反映了孝文帝孝文帝迁都后，大力推行汉化，带有明显的汉族文化的特征。

师：对，从上面两幅佛像造型看出，北魏孝文帝改革前后所发生的重大变化。那么，除了服饰变化外，孝文帝的改革还引起了哪些方面的变化呢?由此导入新课。

讲授新课

北魏孝文帝改革的主要影响

(一)经济的复苏和繁荣：

1、农牧业的发展：

(1)表现：

①生产工具的改进：整地碎土工具的复杂化与精耕细作;

②耕作技术的提高：“宁可少好，不可多恶”，“顷不比亩善”;

③重视兴修水利：有水田之处通渠灌溉;

④经济作物和畜牧业的发展;

⑤荒地得到更多地开垦，粮食产量提高，人口增殖。

(2)原因：

①政府政策的调整即孝文帝改革推行的均田制、三长制和租调制;

②民族大融合的影响;

③农业生产力的发展包括生产工具的改进，耕作技术的进步，水利设施的兴修等

2、手工业的成就：

(1)表现：

①丝织业发展达到魏晋以来的水平：绢布产量大增，府存绢帛多;

②制瓷业的发展对唐宋时期北方瓷器的繁盛有直接影响：

北魏迁都洛阳以后，制瓷业又发展起来。北方青瓷在造型、胎釉、纹饰等方面与南方不同，一般器型较大，以尊、瓶、罐、钵之类居多。胎体厚重,胎色灰白,釉较厚，玻璃质强，流动性大，器表往往有玻璃质流珠现象。器物多以莲花瓣纹、忍冬纹作装饰，装饰方法有堆贴、模印、刻划多种。北方青瓷的莲花纹饰与佛教的盛行关系密切。

(2)原因：农业、商业的发展，孝文帝的扶持政策。

3、商业活动的活跃：

(1)表现：

①洛阳大市场的繁荣：设有专门管理贸易和税收的官吏;货源充足、交易活跃，商人实力雄厚。如市场上金银、锦绣、瓷器、漆器等，应有尽有;全城十多万户居民中，有上万户来自各地的商人，其中包括来自远方异国的商人。

②重新铸造铜钱;

③对外贸易有长足发展：与朝鲜半岛诸国、日本以及地中海沿岸国家都有贸易往来。

(2)原因：农业和手工业的发展;孝文帝铸造铜钱，重视和支持商业。

(二)政权封建化的加速：

1、措施：

①尊儒崇经，兴办学校：孝文帝从小熟读儒家经典，建孔庙并亲自祭拜，起用儒家人士，兴办太学，教授儒家经典，培养人才。儒家文化是汉文化的主体，儒学既重外在的行为规范又重内在道德的自律，维护了封建统治和社会秩序的稳定。

②恢复汉族礼乐制度：所谓礼乐制度是周代最早对“礼”(祭祀、朝食等仪式)和“乐”(伴随“礼”进行的乐舞)作出规定的制度，是对宗法制和等级制的强调和固定。孔子对礼乐制度加以系统的理论说明，提出“仁”的理念，高扬仁爱与和谐的思想，用以提升和深化已有的礼乐文化，使礼乐文化进一步成为礼仪文化，历代统治者沿用这一制度来维护统治。孝文帝制定各种礼仪制度，废置鲜卑族的祭祀礼仪，改用汉族的祭祀礼仪，加速了政权的封建化，最终维护鲜卑族的统治。③采纳汉族封建统治制度：孝文帝仿汉官制，制定北魏官制。修律令，废除一些带有奴隶制成份的落后残酷的法律，保证了汉化政策与制度的施行。

2、影响：北魏统治者接受了汉族先进文化与制度，大大加速了北魏政权的封建化进程，对北魏的政治生活乃至整个中国历史产生了深远影响。

(三)民族的交流与融合：

1、表现：

(1)生活习惯的汉化：即三个变化——

①鲜卑族经济方式的变化：鲜卑族筑起简陋的房舍，经营小块土地，最终脱离了游牧生活和部落联系，开始转向中原汉族的农业文明。

②鲜卑族的阶级成分的变化：迁居洛阳的鲜卑族劳动者陆续成为中原的农民，贵族占领良田成为中原的封建地主，有的还兼事工商业。

③生活习惯也发生变化：汉族风俗习惯成为整个封建社会风俗习惯的主体。

(2)鲜卑族优秀文化的融入：

①鲜卑族畜牧业生产经验的融入：如北魏贾思勰写的《齐民要术》，总结了北方先进的农牧业生产经验，对北方的经济生产起着一定的影响。

②服饰与风俗的融入：如诗歌描写汉族女子“褰裙逐马如卷蓬，左射右射必叠双”。

③食物的融入：如教材插图《汉人胡食画像砖》就是明证。

2、影响：北魏孝文帝改革缓和了民族矛盾，巩固了封建统治，更促进了民族的大融合，为结束长期分裂局面，重新走向国家统一奠定了基础。

【合作探究】今天我们吃着烤羊肉串，徜徉在云冈石窟中，遥想当年鲜卑人叱咤风云、横扫天下的气势，他们作为单一的民族消失了，从这个角度上说孝文帝或许被称为历史的罪人，但孝文帝的改革顺应了民族融合的大趋势，推动以鲜卑族为中心的北方少数民族的汉化进程，为中华民族注入了新鲜血液，鲜卑族及鲜卑文明在一个民族大家庭里也得到了永生。我们又谁能说得清自己身上是否流淌着鲜卑族人的血液?中华民族千百年来的凝聚力就是来自于历无数次的民族融合。

请大家结合孝文帝改革的三节内容，分析孝文帝改革成功的原因是什么?对我们今天的改革有何启示?谈谈你对孝文帝改革的评价。

提示：

成功的原因：

①改革顺应了时代潮流;

②符合民族融合趋势和各族人民的愿望;

③符合统治者巩固统治的需要;

④孝文帝的胆略和卓越见识，冲破阻力，毅然改革。

认识：

①先进必然战胜落后;

②改革必须符合历史潮流、顺应民意;

③任何改革都不是一帆风顺;

④民族融合与孝文帝改革互为因果关系的。

评价：

孝文帝改革促进了北方经济的复苏和繁荣，加强了民族大融合，为国家结束分裂、走向统一和封建社会的繁荣奠定了基础。孝文帝是我国少数民族中杰出的政治家、改革家，是中华民族的千古功臣。

教学小结：

北魏孝文帝在阶级矛盾和民族矛盾尖锐的情况下积极地、主动地、彻底地进行了一系列改革，这场改革是由冯太后和孝文帝自上而下掀起的一次改变北魏社会面貌的封建化改革运动，它使鲜卑族发生了根本性的变化：社会制度封建化、生产方式农业化、风俗习惯汉族化，从而有利于北方经济的发展，缓和了民族矛盾，巩固了封建统治，加强了民族大融合，为国家结束分裂、走向统一和封建社会的繁荣奠定了基础。孝文帝是我国少数民族中杰出的政治家、改革家，是中华民族的千古功臣。

三、问题解答：

学思之窗：

北魏的贵族大都经商的事实，说明了什么问题?

参考答案提示：北魏商业繁荣，商品经济深入人心;鲜卑族逐渐汉化。

本课测评：

1、北魏孝文帝实施改革后，北魏的社会经济出现了哪些变化?这些变化对北魏社会历史的发展又具有什么样的影响?

参考答案提示：社会经济的变化

农业：荒地得到开垦，粮食产量提高，人口增加，耕作技术提高，畜牧业发达。

手工业活跃：民间和官办手工业发展快，绢布产量增加且工艺精湛，北方青瓷出现。

商业活动活跃：洛阳出现许多大市场，货源充足，交易活跃，对外贸易远达西方国家。

影响：经济的变化推动了鲜卑族的游牧经济向农耕经济的转型，增加了国家收入;经济的变化促使孝文帝进一步接受汉族先进文化与制度，加速政权的封建化进程，巩固了封建统治;经济的变化促进了民族大融合，使鲜卑族等少数民族成为汉族一部分，为中华民族注入了新鲜血液。

2、为什么说孝文帝改革的最重要历史意义在于它促进了中国北方地区的民族大融合，并为隋唐时期国家重新实现统一奠定了基础?

参考答案提示：孝文帝改革是在民族矛盾和社会矛盾尖锐的情况下为发展生产，巩固统治而进行的自上而下的改革。经济上推行均田制和租调制，农业成为经济的主要成分，使游牧为主的鲜卑族变为农民，促进了经济的复苏与繁荣;政治上迁都、实行官吏俸禄制，整顿吏治，设立三长制，采纳汉族封建统治制度，这些措施加强了国家管理，巩固了统治，团结了汉族地主，有力地推动了政权的“汉化”。文化和风俗习惯上全面接受汉族先进文化，移风易俗。这些措施促进了鲜卑族人对汉族文化的认同，加强了民族的交流与融合。孝文帝改革使鲜卑族最终融于汉族之中，有力地推动了中华民族的形成与发展。同时，南北之间民族隔阂的消除，北方经济的繁荣，为隋唐时期国家的重新统一奠定了基础。

学习延伸：

1、(略)

2、争鸣：

对孝文帝改革的意义，学术界基本持肯定态度，但也不乏不同声音。499年孝文帝去世后，北魏即进入内部动乱不已的多事之秋，二十余年之后，爆发了六镇起义，再过十余年，北魏分裂为东魏、西魏二国，实权分别落入高欢、宇文泰之手。因此，有学者认为造成北魏后来局面的根源，实际上可以追溯到孝文帝改革。因为，孝文帝舍平城迁洛阳，改鲜卑武勇之风为汉人文弱之风，进一步削弱北魏军事力量，这是他终不能强大魏国的重要原因。并说孝文帝的改革，学来的主要是汉人的繁文缛节，丢掉的恰恰是拓拔的长处——勇武质朴，这就加速了北魏的衰亡。

你同意上述见解吗?谈谈你的看法。

答(1)同意。在孝文帝统治期间，他通过 改革，学习汉人的生产和生活方式，用汉人的文化改造了鲜卑族，这些措施使鲜卑族丢弃了本民族的特色，导致了鲜卑族军事力量的衰退和统治力量的削弱，加速了北魏的衰亡。

(2)不同意。迁都洛阳后，鲜卑族在孝文帝改革的推动下，其统治者接受了汉族先进的文化与制度，大大加速了北魏政权封建化的进程，促进了北方经济的恢复和发展，更为重要的是改革促进了北方民族的大融合，为隋唐时期结束长期分裂局面，重新走向国家统一奠定了基础。因此，对孝文帝改革应充分肯定， 孝文帝是我国历杰出的少数民族政治家、改革家。

单元学习小结

一、重要概念简释

【均田制】

北魏时期实行的国有和私有相结合的封建土地制度。主要内容是国家把荒地分给丁男露田40亩，妇女20亩;丁男受桑田20亩。露田在农民60岁免课赋或身死时归还政府;桑田传给子孙。地主按级别也分给公田。均田制的实行，把农民与土地结合起来，在一定程度上抑制了土地兼并，调动了农民积极性，有利于农业的发展和社会的稳定。同时推动着鲜卑族经济的转型，加强了民族大融合。

【三长制】

北魏的基层行政组织制度。为配合均田制的实行，北魏统治者规定：五家立一邻长;五邻设一里长;五里设一党长。它的职责是检查户口，征收赋税，征发徭役和兵役，推行均田制。它的推行，健全了县以下的地方基层政权，完善了国家从中央到地方的行政体制，保证了国家对人民的控制，巩固了北魏的统治。

【“汉化”措施】

北魏统治者实行的推动鲜卑族向汉族同化的措施。孝文帝基于对汉族先进文化优越性的认识和巩固统治的需要出发而自觉主动地实行的一系列改革措施。通过这些措施，从生产、社会制度、风俗习惯等全面接受汉族文化，大大促进了民族融合，为结束南北分裂奠定了基础。促进了中华民族的形成与发展。

【迁都洛阳】

为加强对中原地区的统治，减少改革的阻力，孝文帝决定把首都从经济落后、地理环境偏远的平城迁往中原的政治经济文化中心洛阳。孝文帝克服阻力，设巧计迁都。迁都洛阳，为孝文帝进一步的改革奠定了基础。

二、归纳与总结

【单元内容小结】

5世纪，北魏统一了黄河流域。当时民族矛盾和阶级矛盾尖锐，统治者面临着严重的统治危机。为缓和民族矛盾，发展生产，巩固统治。基于对汉族文化优越性的认识，北魏统治者孝文帝自觉地、主动地进行了大刀阔斧的改革。主要内容为实行官吏俸禄制、均田制、三长制;恢复汉族礼乐制度，采纳汉族封建统治制度;迁都洛阳，移风易俗;尊儒崇经等。改革推动了北方经济的复苏与繁荣;争取到了汉族地主阶级的合作与拥护，巩固了北魏的统治;改革使鲜卑族全面汉化，消除了民族隔阂，推动了鲜卑族为中心的北方少数民族的大融合，为国家重新统一奠定了基础。同时，鲜卑族等少数民族的文化精华也融入汉文化中，为隋唐封建社会的繁荣创造了条件，推动了中华民族的发展。

三、历史感悟(略)

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